Union Pacific dominates the western two-thirds of the United States, with a 31,382 km (19,500-mile) network that covers 22 eastern states. The two railroads will unlock $2.75 billion in annualized synergies and have a combined value of $250 billion.
In a move hailed as the largest disruption to American railroads since the 1800s, Union Pacific has announced its acquisition of Norfolk Southern, a smaller rival, which would create the first coast-to-coast freight rail operator in the United States and reshape the transportation of goods, from grains to autos.
The Omaha, Nebraska-based railroad giant proposed the $85 billion purchase on Tuesday.
If the merger gets approved, the deal would be the biggest buyout in railroad history.
Union Pacific dominates the western two-thirds of the United States, with a 31,382 km (19,500-mile) network that covers 22 eastern states.
The two railroads will unlock $2.75 billion in annualized synergies and have a combined value of $250 billion.
Norfolk was trading at an 18.6% premium to its closing price of $320 per share on the day it announced the merger.
The companies announced Thursday that they will have advanced discussions about the potential merger.
However, the deal might face regulatory scrutiny due to union concerns over potential rate increases, service interruptions, and job losses. The 1996 merger of Union Pacific and Southern Pacific had caused significant delays and traffic in the Southwest.
Antitrust enforcement has changed under the United States President Donald Trump’s administration. Mergers that were previously thought unlikely have become possible as executive directors have wanted to remove obstacles to consolidation.
Antitrust enforcement aims to prevent companies from engaging in anti-competitive practices that could harm consumers.
Since being appointed in January, Surface Transportation Board Chairman Patrick Fuchs has pushed for more lenient merger conditions and a flexible approach. However, people involved in the discussions stated that even with a faster process, the review will take from 19 to 22 months.
The larger railroad union has traditionally opposed consolidation, claiming that it would threaten jobs and disrupt rail service.
Jeremy Ferguson, head of the SMART-TD union’s transport division, stated that they will conclude after discussing with the Surface Transportation Board (STB) and the Trump administration.
He added that the merger is bad for the public, rail shippers, and workers.
The companies stated that they hope to submit their application to STB within six months.
The SMART-TD union’s railroad branch is the biggest railroad operating union in North America, with over 1800 railroad yardmasters.
The challenges facing the North American rail sector: shifting freight volumes, rising labor and fuel prices, and growing shipper criticism about service dependability, make the merger more difficult.
Rivals CSX and Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), owned by Berkshire Hathaway, explore merger options with this potential deal.
If both mergers are allowed, the number of Class I railroads in North America would drop from six to four, consolidating major freight routes and giving the industry pricing power.
The last significant deal was the $31 billion merger of Canadian Pacific and Kansas City Southern, which was created as the first and only single-line rail network across Canada, the US, and Mexico.
The deal approved in 2023 faced strong regulatory opposition due to concerns that it would reduce competition, cut jobs, and disrupt service. But it was later approved.
According to the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG), Union Pacific is valued at $136 billion, and Norfolk Southern has a market capitalization of $65 billion.
Currently, Norfolk Southern’s stock is down 3.2% and Union Pacific’s is down 3.9%. CSX, a rival, is also declining. Since the market opening, the stock has dropped 1.6%.